BRIEF HISTORY of Peanut
Peanut which in Indonesia initialy come from America continent. Inclusion come to Indonesia estimated to be brought by merchants of Spanyol,. In the 1863 HOLLE put English peanut and in 1864 SCHEFFER put Egypt peanut into Indonesia
TYPE Of CROP
In Indonesia there is 2 ( two ) type of peanut :
1. Straightening type. this Type Bean grow diametrical or a little to the above, there are fruits internodes near by clump, short generally and isn't it the fruit of in concern
2. Grow aside type . This type of growing toward aside, fairish especial bar of length, there are fruits internodes which nearby land and long lived generally
3. BENEFIT OF CROP
Crop Peanut can be exploited for the food of livestock, seed is of exploited as vegetation protein source , oil and others.
4.. SENTRA CULTIVATION OF PEANUT
Sentra cultivation Peanut production in Indonesia cover Java Yogyakarta, and Sulawesi
5. CONDITION TO GROW
Peanut crop is compatible with lowland which have height to under 500 m from sea level required . Peanut crop compatible with climate that have high temperature between25°C - 32°C, little damp ( rH 65 - 75 ), rainfall 800 mm - 1300 mm per year, open place
Cultivated Land for Peanut require land which have light structure ,like land of regosol, andosol, and latosol of alluvial. Peanut doesn’t need a rice field irrigated farm, all it need are wet rice field dependant to rain, cistern of rain dry farming., enough land fertility, good texture and have –PH between 6,0 - 6,5.
6. GUIDANCE OF CONDUCTING/PLANTING
a. Seed
1.Seed come from healthy crop, ad for disease and pest, quality of the seed of good and have high perity so that can germinate quickly and flatten
2. To be harvested on time, have old enough , do not break, put accross processing of bacillus and peel of seed
3. Having of old age and high result of nuts
b. Processing of Land farm
Processing of land conducted by tractor in 20- 30 cm deep or you can do it manual. Target of processing of landfarm is to improve and repair structure and aeration of landfarm to growth of root and suction then the crop can absorb nutrient better
c. Cultivation
Time planted, Time peanut planted at the non irigated dry field farm will be best at early of rainny season. Planting method of Cultivation conducted by using dibber in 3 cm by 2 seed item per hole and plant distance about 40 x cm 10 cm. Later;Then hole plant to be closed with land thinly.
Conservancy Of Crop
1. Fertilization . Fertilization conducted using manure of Urea, Phosphat and KCI with dose 60-90 kg/hectare of Urea, 60-90 kg/hectare of Phosphat and 50 Kg/hectareof KCI. Fertilization conducted by fertilize into left dibber hole beside hole right plant
2. Embroidering of Crop. Embroidering conducted by made hole plant newly at hole secondhand plant formerly. Intention of this embroidering is to maintain population
3. Mowing . Mowing is conducted by 2 times - First mowing conducted at thewhen the crop reach 21 day old after planting and the second mowing conducted at 40 day after planting.
Pest and Disease Of Peanut
1. Wilt Disease. Wilt Disease because of bacterium of Xanthomonas Solanacearum. In the day time sunshine time crop abrupt droop like hot water disimm, crop death dirrectly. Way of operation with crop innings
2. Disease Of Pock Leaf Disease of Pock because of mushroom of Cercospora personata. Pock generated at leaf upside brown**chocolate******* while side under black leaf. Is **pock******* of leaf sometime there are black spot of Conidiospora. This Mushroom arise at old age crop 40 - 50 day till 70 day. This mushroom can be controlled with Anthmcol or of Daconil
3. Disease of Selerotium. This Disease because of Selerotium rolfsii, damage of crop when timid weather. Mushroom attack at bar jetty, part of soft crop, generating black pocks. attacked crop wilt**wilting******* will and death. Operation : improve;repaired irrigating, so thatirrigating water can emit a stream of
4. Disease of Rust. This Disease because of Uromyces arachidae, attacking crop which still young cause leaf spot leaf chocolate become mongering. Operation of planted varitas which hold up
5. Pest of Empoasca. This Pest not too harm for peanut crop. Way of the operation of with spraying of Azodrin, Karphos or of lnsektisida the availableness.
thanks to : Kab. Bantul
Showing posts with label nutrients. Show all posts
Showing posts with label nutrients. Show all posts
Thursday, 22 January 2009
Sunday, 18 January 2009
3 Tree Fertilization Techniques by David Merriman
Landscape and urban trees typically grow in soils that do not contain sufficient elements due to disruption of the nutrient cycle by pavement, buildings and roads. Also, leaves, the driver of the nutrient cycle, are raked up before decomposing and micro-organism's can't break stuff down.
The key to tree fertilization is distributing the right amount of nutrients at the right time. Macro-nutrients are nutrients that trees need the most and is frequently deficient in a tree. Signs are reduced growth, smaller leaves and the yellowing of leaves. Secondary nutrients or nutrients needed in moderate amounts include phosphorus, potassium and sulfur. Micronutrients are nutrients that trees need in small amounts.
Many times it can be hard to tell what nutrient is deficient as the symptoms may overlap. However, it is worth finding as you may be wasting fertilizer on a tree that needs something different. If you see leaf discoloration or other unhealthy signs on the bark, test the tree to get an idea of what might be missing.
Tree fertilization application techniques vary based on the foliage, tree condition, the time of year and your preference for using "greener" techniques.
1. Surface Application
The fertilizer is broadcast over the ground surface using a spreader. The advantage is it's ease, with very little special equipment required. The disadvantage is lots of residual chemicals on your lawn.
2. Sub-surface Application
Sub-surface fertilization techniques are necessary when a tree is surrounded by turf grass or to limit chemical exposure. Turf grass absorbs nutrients more readily than tree root systems so the fertilizer must be applied below turf level. Subsurface fertilization techniques are also necessary where runoff water is common. Two common techniques are drill hole and injection.
The drill hole method involves drilling holes around the tree in concentric circles. Holes should extend to the drip line. This allows you to put fertilizer deep enough that turf grass won't reach it but shallow enough so it doesn't leach (drain away) especially during the rainy months of spring.
Liquid injection uses fertilizer, dissolved or suspended in water. The solution is injected into the soil using a soil injection system. Advantages are better distribution and the benefit of adding water directly into the root zone. A disadvantage is liquid injection can create dark, vigorous patches of grass. I sometimes recommend a lawn aeration and fertilization in conjunction with a liquid injection fertilization to combat that.
3. Foliar Application and Tree Injection
This involves spraying everything with FDA approved chemicals. Which is OK, as long as we remember that DDT was a federally approved chemical at one point! Foliar application is a short term fix to correct minor elemental deficiencies of micro nutrients. Typically spraying the leaves works best in spring, right before a period of active growth.
Implants and injections are for minor nutrient deficiencies. Tree implants and injections provide a systemic application and can be combined with insect control. The main advantage is that it completely eliminates any residue outside of the tree. However, because it involves creating holes in the tree it is limited to a once a year process and trees have to be large enough to handle it. I always look to see if a tree is water stressed before doing this.
Finally, trees may not require additional fertilization at all. Over fertilization can burn out leaves or cause a tree to grow too quickly resulting in frequent pruning or removal. In Denver or other dry climates, homeowners may fertilize a tree that actually just needs a deep root watering.
About the Author
David Merriman owns ArborScape, a tree service in Denver, CO He is an ISA Certified Arborist and writes about lawn care and tree care.tips fertilization,
The key to tree fertilization is distributing the right amount of nutrients at the right time. Macro-nutrients are nutrients that trees need the most and is frequently deficient in a tree. Signs are reduced growth, smaller leaves and the yellowing of leaves. Secondary nutrients or nutrients needed in moderate amounts include phosphorus, potassium and sulfur. Micronutrients are nutrients that trees need in small amounts.
Many times it can be hard to tell what nutrient is deficient as the symptoms may overlap. However, it is worth finding as you may be wasting fertilizer on a tree that needs something different. If you see leaf discoloration or other unhealthy signs on the bark, test the tree to get an idea of what might be missing.
Tree fertilization application techniques vary based on the foliage, tree condition, the time of year and your preference for using "greener" techniques.
1. Surface Application
The fertilizer is broadcast over the ground surface using a spreader. The advantage is it's ease, with very little special equipment required. The disadvantage is lots of residual chemicals on your lawn.
2. Sub-surface Application
Sub-surface fertilization techniques are necessary when a tree is surrounded by turf grass or to limit chemical exposure. Turf grass absorbs nutrients more readily than tree root systems so the fertilizer must be applied below turf level. Subsurface fertilization techniques are also necessary where runoff water is common. Two common techniques are drill hole and injection.
The drill hole method involves drilling holes around the tree in concentric circles. Holes should extend to the drip line. This allows you to put fertilizer deep enough that turf grass won't reach it but shallow enough so it doesn't leach (drain away) especially during the rainy months of spring.
Liquid injection uses fertilizer, dissolved or suspended in water. The solution is injected into the soil using a soil injection system. Advantages are better distribution and the benefit of adding water directly into the root zone. A disadvantage is liquid injection can create dark, vigorous patches of grass. I sometimes recommend a lawn aeration and fertilization in conjunction with a liquid injection fertilization to combat that.
3. Foliar Application and Tree Injection
This involves spraying everything with FDA approved chemicals. Which is OK, as long as we remember that DDT was a federally approved chemical at one point! Foliar application is a short term fix to correct minor elemental deficiencies of micro nutrients. Typically spraying the leaves works best in spring, right before a period of active growth.
Implants and injections are for minor nutrient deficiencies. Tree implants and injections provide a systemic application and can be combined with insect control. The main advantage is that it completely eliminates any residue outside of the tree. However, because it involves creating holes in the tree it is limited to a once a year process and trees have to be large enough to handle it. I always look to see if a tree is water stressed before doing this.
Finally, trees may not require additional fertilization at all. Over fertilization can burn out leaves or cause a tree to grow too quickly resulting in frequent pruning or removal. In Denver or other dry climates, homeowners may fertilize a tree that actually just needs a deep root watering.
About the Author
David Merriman owns ArborScape, a tree service in Denver, CO He is an ISA Certified Arborist and writes about lawn care and tree care.tips fertilization,
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